Pdf estimating language skills in samoan and tongan. Malayopolynesian, polynesian the branch of the austronesian languages spoken from. While impressively extensive, churchwards 1953 work is purely descriptive. The work is of interest in that it is a compendium of new and all older luisefio ma terials, gathered by several investigators over half a century or more. I studied churchward s grammar, and learned lists of tongan words off by heart. Dec 06, 2010 open library is an initiative of the internet archive, a 501c3 nonprofit, building a digital library of internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Questions and word order in polynesian eric potsdam and maria.
Chapter 3 issues in tongan syntax university of hawaii. Churchward s grammar and dictionary favoured the standard. Grammar, tonga language tonga islands, tongan language. I wish to thank diane massam for guidance and critique, and my tongan consultant siokatame vahavahai moengangongo moahengi for sharing his knowledge of tongan. In the old, missionary alphabet, the order of the letters was modified. Im currently writing a book that involves a tongan prince as well as tonga of course. History of oceania south seas, du1950, languages and literature of eastern asia, africa, oceania, pl18844. Look up a word, add or modify an entry, and learn words at your own rhythm from a personal learning list. The tongan dictionary complements churchward s previously published tongan grammar and makes tongan the most adequately known polynesian dialect. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Tongan, a polynesian language, is almost entirely headinitial. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. Tongan grammar tongan is an ergative, vso, mostly iso lating language.
Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Because the phenomenon listed above as irregularity 4definitive accentoperates somewhat differently, i shall treat that later, in section 6. Free to obtain and print free family tree templates in pdf. Maxwell py 1953 da 1953 ti tongan grammar pb oxford university press cy london id churchward 1953 er. The morphosyntax of 2p pronouns in tongan csli publications. Biography questions nd answers 2 309 shopping 3 310 giving directions 4 311 ordering in a restaur,nt 5 312 negotiating with a taxi driver 6 3 detrdled biographical data 7 314 making a date 8 315 drinking at a club 9 316 preparing a cup of cocoa 10 317 a cricket e7xle 11 318 studying school preparation 12 319 talk in the market 320 stories 321 321. Chapter 10 researching, writing, releasing, and responses to a biography of queen salote of tonga elizabeth woodellem researching queen salote w as not my first foray into biography.
Case and agreement 1 notes on argumentation consider the two passages below. While impressively extensive, churchward s 1953 work is purely descriptive. Maxwell churchward, 1985, vavau press edition, in english. He applies the system of gram matical analysis presented in his tongan grammar. Printed for the methodist church of australasia, samoa district, by spectator pub.
Tongan is an oceanic language belonging to the polynesian subgroup. Translate your sentences and websites from tongan into english. Includes two fulllength pdf books aimed at students and teachers. Tongan lea fakatonga, iso 6393 code ton is a polynesian language spoken mainly in tonga, where it is one of two official languages with english. Includes two fulllength pdf books aimed at students and teachers ko e. Available formats pdf please select a format to send.
By using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal. This information is extremely enlightening about tonga and its culture that i did not know before and i will definitely be using this knowledge in my book. Morphological and syntactic ergativity in polynesian white rose. Syntaxphonology mapping and the tongan dp pdf paperity.
Tongan to english english to tongan paperback by j t fisher, isileli t kongaika, create out loud and a great selection of related books, art. Hurford language evolution and computation research unit, school of philosophy, psychology and language sciences, university of edinburgh, adam ferguson building, edinburgh, scotland eh8 9ll, uk. A feature geometry of the tongan possessive paradigm linguistic. Churchward lists only four tenses, some with multiple variations of the auxiliary. Morton 1962, clark 1974, feldman 1978, and krupa 1982. The first contains a tonga english and english tonga dictionary. The polynesian languages, which belong to the oceanic branch of the. A reversed apostrophe was apparently first used in hawaiian by judd, pukui, and stokes in 1943. Samoan grammar synopsis john alderete, mark bradshaw simon fraser university, may 2012. The tongan dictionary complements churchwards previously published tongan grammar and makes tongan the most adequately known polynesian dialect. Churchward 1953, who defines he as semidefinite and ha as completely indefinite, notes that the latter. The tongan preverbal pronouns adapted from churchward 1953.
Maxwell churchward, 1985, vavau press edition, in english pbk. To encourage the use of the tongan language we are posting a word of the week that can be used with children or beginners. See more ideas about books, career goals and samoan food. If we leave a place and take our selfishness with us, the cycle of problems starts all over again no matter where we go. The most substantial work on the tongan grammar is that of churchward 1953.
Scholars have much debated the exact dates of the initial settlement of tonga, but thorium dating confirms that the first settlers came to the oldest town, nukuleka, by 888 bc, 8 years. Table 5 churchwards personal pronominal clitics in tongan. Tongan is a polynesian language spoken by approximately 100,000 people living in the tongan archipelago in the south pacific. In 1969 macmillan london decided to move the editorial department. Churchward s grammar and dictionary favoured the standard european alphabetical order, which, since his time, has been in use exclusively. The central goal of the current study is to establish the phonology of denitive accent in tongan by empirically investigating the claims of churchward. This section shows that within a grammar with the characteristics of the. If one or more works are by a distinct, homonymous authors, go ahead and split the author. An austronesianspeaking group linked to the archaeological construct known as the lapita cultural complex reached and inhabited tonga around 1500 bc. I was employed as a book editor f or five years in sydne y and then nine y ears in london. The tongan language is exclusively phonetic, that is to say, tongan words are spelled the way they are pronounced and pronounced the way they are spelled. The most substantial work on the tongan grammar is that of churchward. In the next section, i discuss cmcs first three irregularities, along with related matters in four other descriptions of tongan accent.
Words and phrases douglas ball analyses of tongan noun incorporation in the general typological surveys of noun incorporation mithun 1984, gerdts 1998 have argued that this tongan construction involves syntactic juxtaposition of a verb and a single noun. Im personally lucky enough to have a copy of churchward s tongan grammar given to my mother by my grandfather before i was born. This is the only major contemporary source which makes available both englishpolynesian and polynesianenglish. Free englishtongan dictionary and translator freelang. Pdf tibetan grammar and the activestative casemarking.
Chapter 10 researching, writing, releasing, and responses. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. It is most closely related to niuean, and more distantly related to west polynesian languages such as tokelauan. Bakers english and tongan vocabulary consists of the following parts.
Guidelines for tongan language programmes is intended to form the basis for the material that teachers of tongan develop for their own tongan language programmes. Click here to learn more about the features or scroll down to download the program. Download our free dictionary for windows or android and browse both the tongan english and the english tongan lists. The material in these pages provides a startingpoint for our teaching folders. Churchward is one of the few students of polynesian to both recognize and cope with the fact that polynesian cannot be forced into the english grammatical mold. Churchward s tongan grammar 1953 and dictionary 1959 use a reversed apostrophe. With 160 photographs and 10 colour plates of objects in the custody of the ethnographical museum of budapest. Tongan dictionary tongan english and english tongan. Preface, list of abbreviations, english tongan vocabulary, pp.
Maxwell churchward, tongan grammar 1953, tongan dictionary 1959, oxford university press. Tongan journal of the international phonetic association. An english and tongan vocabulary, also a tongan and english vocabulary, with a list of idiomatic phrases. Chapter 10 researching, writing, releasing, and responses to a biography of queen salote of tonga.
The resulting 100word language inventories in samoan and tongan, plus a single question about word combinations, were then administered to over 600 mothers of 2yearolds in the growing up in new. Pdf in this article i distinguish six different ways of talking after. This is the only major contemporary source which makes available both englishpolynesian. Maxwell churchward is currently considered a single author. We hope that you will enjoy these tongan language minilessons and wish you luck in your language learning. Maxwell clerk maxwell publication date 1978 topics. Tongan personal pronouns catherine macdonald university of toronto 1. Polynesian a native or inhabitant of polynesia n the polynesian language spoken by the tongan people type of. The second contains useful grammar charts and notes for easy reference. The third part contains phrase books targeted towards specific scenarios and specific project technical vocabulary. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. There are some exceptions to this, including demonstrative enclitics and the socalled definitive accent churchward 1953, which appears to be a stressshift operation, typically in the rightmost word of the dp. For the suffix cia in samoan, marsack 1962 in a teach yourself book details. Online version of freelangs tongan english dictionary and english tongan dictionary.
Based on previous work churchward 1953, tchekhoff 1981, broschart 1997, tongan has been classified as a flexible language by. Top american libraries canadian libraries universal library community texts project gutenberg biodiversity heritage library childrens library. That was still so as of the privy council decision of 1943 on the orthography of the tongan language. For example, we could save copies of our own oneterm and oneweek plans and add them.
Discover delightful childrens books with prime book box, a subscription that delivers new books. We can leave a place behind, or we can stay in that place and leave our selfishness often expressed in feeling sorry for ourselves behind. This book provides a uniquely comprehensive linguistic description. Churchwards grammar and dictionary favoured the standard european alphabetical order, which, since his time, has been in use exclusively. Tibetan grammar and the activestative casemarking type. In the first lesson, there is a pronunciation of each letter in the tongan alphabet, including the mysterious fakaua, or the glottal. Culture of tonga history, people, women, beliefs, food. The fourth part includes shortcut sections, which are intended. This book helps me understand some of the english words that i have a. This is a great reference book for any tongan family. A samoan grammar by spencer churchward printed for the methodist church of australasia, samoa district, by spectator pub. Word classes and the scope of lexical flexibility in tongan. Tongan personal and possessive pronouns distinguish four persons and three numbers. Pratts samoan dictionary of 1862 uses the reversed apostrophe, as do later religious works in samoan.
We also provide free tongan english dictionary, free tongan spelling checker and free tongan typing keyboard. Translation tonganenglishtongan freelang online dictionary. Pdf tongan, a polynesian language, is almost entirely headinitial. Given data as such in 1, this would seem to be correct. There are some exceptions to this, including demonstrative enclitics and the. Feel free to share and discuss all things relating to tonga the friendly islands.
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